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Diabetes encompasses a group of complex, chronic, and progressive diseases that are primarily defined on the basis of hyperglycemia. Two major types of diabetes are recognized and include Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which accounts for ∼5% of diabetes cases, is caused mainly by immune-mediated pancreatic B-cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes,...
The peptide hormone insulin is secreted from pancreatic β cells, binds to cell surface receptors, and exerts a broad spectrum of anabolic effects in multiple tissues. In mediating its pleiotropic actions, insulin engages multiple signal transduction pathways that affect the expression and post‐translational modification of proteins, and regulates enzymatic pathways, subcellular protein localization,...
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