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The extent of hydraulically irreversible membrane fouling in a coagulation–filtration system depends on several factors, including properties of the coagulant. Effects of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulant properties, specifically basicity and sulfation, were investigated by conducting long-term direct filtration experiments. Elemental analysis determined Al and Si to be the major foulants, though...
The effects of coagulant residuals on fouling of a nanofiltration (NF) membrane were investigated. Experiments were carried out with a laboratory-scale microfiltration (MF)–NF setup and a pilot MF–NF plant. In the laboratory-scale experiments, NF feed water was pretreated with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) or alum followed by MF. NF membrane permeability declined when the feed water contained residual...
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