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Unlike the conventional automotive, modem railway trains are designed with non-openable windows; and a mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning (MVAC) system is installed in each train compartment for better indoor air quality as well as to provide a thermally comfortable environment. The ventilation rate is no doubt a critical element in the design of a MVAC system, especially in Hong Kong where...
In a previous study, a single-basin solar still with suspended absorber (SBSSBA) made from aluminium was constructed and investigated experimentally and theoretically. It was found that the daily productivity of the still was about 20% higher than that of the conventional single-basin solar still (SBSS). In this paper, the effect of thermal conductivity of the suspended absorber on the daily productivity...
In 1993, the government of India introduced a parallel marketing system for petroleum products, particularly for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG, under the parallel marketing system, is distributed at higher price without any subsidy. The government distributors, however, distribute LPG at subsidized rate. The consumers who get LPG at higher price, therefore, opt for a mixed energy use. The present...
Coal gasification with CO 2 in Na 2 CO 3 -K 2 CO 3 molten salt that was used as thermal storage for gas/solid heterogeneous reaction was studied to apply this system for solar thermal/chemical energy conversion. The reactions were performed at 1173 K under various CO 2 flow rates, weights of the molten salt and Na 2 CO 3 /K 2 ...
A new ocean disposal scenario for anthropogenic CO 2 was proposed. The CO 2 emitted from a thermal power plant will be collected and injected into a submerged crystallizer located at a depth of 450-500 m. In the crystallizer, CO 2 will react with the ambient seawater, and be completely converted into CO 2 hydrate particles. The hydrate particles so formed will be released...
By far the largest application of heat pumps in the South African commercial sector is in the heating of sanitary hot water in buildings like hotels, hospitals, prisons and residences at universities, technikons and schools. In most of these cases, heat pumps serve as an alternative to direct electrical resistance heaters. Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have, however, penetrated only 16% of the commercial...
The optimum thermodynamic match between two streams at different temperatures is determined by maximizing the power generation (or minimizing the entropy generation) associated solely with the stream-to-stream interaction. Each stream experiences a change of phase. It is shown that the optimum is marked by an optimal ratio between the stream mass flow rates, and an optimal ratio between the two heat...
This paper identifies a spectrum of risk management opportunities associated with technologies and procedures that use energy more efficiently or supply renewable energy. While the economic benefits of these measures have long been of interest to energy consumers seeking to reduce their energy expenditures, we have found that they also offer a novel and largely untapped pathway for achieving traditional...
Continuous uses of fossil fuels are bound to pollute the atmosphere and consequently unwanted greenhouse and climate change effects will come to dominate every part of the earth. It is, therefore, advised to exploit clean energy resources, and for many nations in the world to try to assess their environmentally friendly, clean energy resources such as wind energy. Hence, it is an urgent situation...
In this paper, long-run structural relationships of coal demand with price and income variables have been estimated for the four major coal consuming sectors in India using annual time series data from 1970-1995. Some of the recent developments in multivariate dynamic econometric time series modeling techniques have been used, including the estimation of long-run cointegrating relationships, short-run...
In this paper, an attempt has been made to estimate the annual emission of certain greenhouse and other gases and substances from biomass energy sources in selected countries of Asia. For this purpose, the reported values of the different emission factor for biomass combustion have been compiled from an extensive literature review. From the compiled values, a set of emission factors of different gases/pollutants...
The purpose of this study is to develop a new procedure for process synthesis based on a reducible superstructure and exergy load distribution analysis. The latter makes it possible to evaluate the impact of each competitive process included in the superstructure according to the specific performance criterion of the overall flowsheet. This criterion, utilizable exergy coefficient, is a function of...
Due to the huge thermal mass of buildings and the district heating (DH) network, room temperatures in buildings do not change much when the heat output from the heat source varies significantly during the day. Therefore, a combined heating and power (CHP) plant can vary its power output during the day to match the load variation of the electrical utility grid which will change the heat output but...
A combined thermal power and cooling cycle is proposed. The proposed cycle combines a Rankine cycle and an absorption refrigeration cycle. It can provide power output as well as refrigeration with power generation as a primary goal. The new cycle uses very high concentration ammonia vapor in the turbine which can be expanded to a very low temperature in the turbine without condensation. This cycle...
The combined energy consumption of US televisions and videocassette recorders was about 40TWh per year in 1998, corresponding to 3.6% of national residential electricity consumption. The average household television energy consumption was about 310kWh per year, 23% of which was used while the units were not active. The average household videocassette recorder energy use was about 100kWh per year,...
MESSAGE-MACRO is the result of linking a macroeconomic model with a detailed energy supply model. The purpose of the linkage is to consistently reflect the influence of energy supply costs as calculated by the energy supply model in the optimal mix of production factors included in the macroeconomic model. In this article, we describe an automated link of two independently running models. The advantages...
A number of metal-oxide redox systems were examined for a two-step thermochemical conversion of coal and water to CO and H 2 for the purpose of utilizing solar high-temperature heat below 900 o C: metal oxide+CH n (coal)->metal+CO+n/2H 2 , metal+H 2 O->metal oxide+H 2 . In 2 O 3 and SnO 2 were found to be the most reactive...
The enthalpy of inlet coal and fuel gas is discharged from a coke-oven plant in the following forms: chemical and thermal enthalpy of incandescent coke, chemical and thermal enthalpy of coke-oven gas, thermal enthalpy of combustion exhaust gas, and waste heat from the body of the coke oven. In recent years the recovery of several kinds of waste energy from coke ovens has been promoted mainly for energy...
This paper proposes an efficient method of energy transportation using an absorption system called ''solution transportation absorption system (STA)''. The solution is transported at an ambient temperature so that tube-insulation is not required in the STA system. Absorption cycles using aqueous LiBr and NH 3 -H 2 O solutions are compared to the STA applications. A concentration shift...
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