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The cement and lime industries are major contributors to the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. By combining the CO 2 -releasing calcination of CaCO 3 with the CO 2 -consuming dry-reforming of CH 4 , and by further combining these endothermic reactions with the exothermic partial oxidation of CH 4 , a single thermo-neutral process can be...
In residential applications, an air-to-water CO 2 heat pump is used in combination with a domestic hot water storage tank, and the performance of this system is affected significantly not only by instantaneous ambient air and city water temperatures but also by hourly changes of domestic hot water consumption and temperature distribution in the storage tank. In this paper, the performance...
This paper assesses the three leading technologies for capture of CO 2 in power generation plants, i.e., post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion. Performance, cost and emissions data for coal and natural gas-fired power plants are presented, based on information from studies carried out recently for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme by major engineering...
The use and impacts of accelerated weathering of limestone (AWL; reaction: CO 2 +H 2 O+CaCO 3 →Ca 2+ +2(HCO 3− ) is explored as a CO 2 capture and sequestration method. It is shown that significant limestone resources are relatively close to a majority of CO 2 -emitting power plants along the coastal US, a favored siting location for AWL...
There is a considerable disagreement in the literature on the magnitude of primary energy use and CO 2 emissions linked to the production of buildings. In this paper we assess the Swedish building sector using top-down input–output analysis. These top-down results are then disaggregated into sectors and activities, which are compared to results from 18 previous bottom-up studies using process-LCA...
A new CO 2 mineral sequestration process using the pH swing of a weak base–strong acid solution was proposed. In this process, an alkaline-earth metal was extracted selectively from silicate waste material, such as steelmaking slag or waste concrete, in an acidic condition using a weak base–strong acid solution. The reacted solution containing alkaline-earth metal ions and a weak-base, behaves...
District heating (DH) systems, together with combined heat and power (CHP) plants, have been increasing both in number and interest over the last decade, but the environmental improvements are still controversial, because although there is usually a reduction in CO 2 emissions, a positive effect concerning other pollutants is not always certain. A limited number of works that pay particular...
The thermo-climatic cost (TCC) expresses the cumulative emission of CO 2 burdening all the steps of production processes connected with the fabrication of particular consumption products. The TCC of the considered product results from the consumption of semi-finished products and energy carriers. The TCC of hydrocarbon fuels contains three components: the immediate emission of CO 2 ...
Air-to-water heat pumps using CO 2 as a natural refrigerant have been developed and commercialized. They are expected to contribute to energy saving in residential hot water supply. The objective of the research is to analyze the performance of a water heating system composed of a CO 2 heat pump and a hot water storage tank by numerical simulation. In this paper, the system performance...
District energy systems can potentially decrease the CO 2 emissions linked to energy services, thanks to the implementation of large polygeneration energy conversion technologies connected to buildings over a network. To transfer the energy from these large technologies to the users, conventional district energy systems use water with often two independent supply and return piping systems...
In the period 1990–2007, CO 2 emissions from Ireland’s Transport sector increased by 181%. It has been proposed that a transition to EV (electrically-powered vehicles) – either BEV (battery-powered) or PHEV (plug-in hybrids) – offers the potential for significant reductions in these emissions. However, the benefits of PHEV – and of plug-in vehicles generally – accrue because some fraction...
Numerous coal gasification studies have been found in the literature those employed various kinds of gasifying agents such as steam and carbon dioxide. These studies are featured with wide variations in the parametric conditions and the usage of equipments. Steam is frequently employed as a gasifying agent, however, in several studies carbon dioxide has also been used as a gasifying agent either pure...
In this paper, the primary energy consumption and the economic viability of a combined heating, cooling and power (CHCP) system are derived. The focus is on small-scale applications in the range below 100 kW H /70 kW C /58 kW el . CHCP is discussed between the boundaries of combined heating and power (CHP) and combined cooling and power (CCP) using a lumped parameter model...
In this paper, thermoeconomic optimization and exergy analysis are applied to a CO 2 /NH 3 cascade refrigeration cycle. Cooling capacity, ambient temperature and cold space temperature are constraints of the optimization procedure. Four parameters including condensing temperature of ammonia, evaporating temperature of carbon dioxide, condensing temperature of carbon dioxide and temperature...
In this paper the authors compare monoethanolamine (MEA) to aqueous ammonia (AA) and a solvent mixture of aqueous ammonia and ethanol (EAA) with respect to their post-combustion CO 2 capture performance and their environmental impact. Simulation of all processes was carried out with Aspen Plus ® and compared to experimental results for CO 2 scrubbing with ammonia. Of special...
This study examines the impact of oil consumption on the economic growth of the MENA countries during the period 1980–2009. The panel model is employed in this study. Based on the cointegration test results, it was found that CO 2 emission, and oil consumption has a long run relationship with economic growth. Moreover, there is also a bi-directional Granger causality between oil consumption,...
In this paper, two new CO 2 cascade refrigeration cycles are proposed and analyzed. In both these cycles the top cycle is an ejector-expansion transcritical cycle and the bottom cycle is a sub-critical CO 2 cycle. In one of these proposed cycles the waste heat from the gas cooler is utilized to drive a supercritical CO 2 power cycle making the plant a combination of three cycles...
Post-combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is currently intensively investigated as a key issue for the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions. A very large number of studies is dedicated to coal power plants. In this paper, the possibility to achieve carbon capture on a gas turbine, based on a combination of flue gas recycle and membrane separation is reported. Membrane processes are effectively...
Since the fixed ejector cannot adjust the optimum high-side pressure, the adjustable ejector is designed and built based on a transcritical CO 2 heat pump system model results. The adjustable ejector is subjected to electrical pulses through the stepper motor which drives needle forward or backward movement to change the nozzle throat area for the optimum high-side pressure. Experimental investigation...
Coal gasification is seen as an attractive way for hydrogen production. The main advantage of this approach is the low fuel price compared to reforming of natural gas. On the other hand, considering the EU climate policy, the emission of CO2 has to be reduced. The CO2 capture from the raw syngas should be thus considered. The main purpose of this work is to propose implementation of a fully “zero-emission”...
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