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An innovative configuration of fuel cell technology is proposed based on a hybrid fuel cell system that integrates a turbogenerator to overcome the intrinsic limitations of fuel cells in conventional operation. An analysis is done of the application of molten carbonate fuel cell technology at the Guadalix Fuel Cell Test Facility, for the assessment of the performance of the fuel cell prototype to...
The paper deals with an innovative (120kWe, 195kWt) natural gas (NG) combined heat and power (CHP) system, at present under development, which has been set up at the FIAT Centre of Research (CRF), Turin, Italy. The main characteristics of the CHP system are: the use of an automotive derived internal combustion engine, a high part load electrical efficiency due to a variable speed operation strategy...
This paper presents a method for evaluating investments in decentralized renewable power generation under price un certainty. The analysis is applicable for a client with an electricity load and a renewable resource that can be utilized for power generation. The investor has a deferrable opportunity to invest in one local power generating unit, with the objective to maximize the profits from the opportunity...
As micro-CHP systems move towards mass deployment an increasing emphasis will be placed on their effect on time-varying demands for network electricity. A 50 dwelling data set of heat and power demands was employed to investigate the implementation of various penetrations of μCHP system on the resultant electrical load profile using two control methodologies: heat-led and a proposed method for modulating...
This paper deals with an innovative natural gas (NG) combined cycle cogeneration system (150-kW e , 192kW t ). The system is made up of a combination of two interconnected combined heat and power (CHP) systems: a reciprocating internal combustion engine cogenerator (ICE CHP) as the topping cycle and a Rankine cycle cogenerator (RC CHP) which operates as the bottoming cycle on the exhaust...
This paper examines a California-based microgrid's decision to invest in a distributed generation (DG) unit fuelled by natural gas. While the long-term natural gas generation cost is stochastic, we initially assume that the microgrid may purchase electricity at a fixed retail rate from its utility. Using the real options approach, we find a natural gas generation cost threshold that triggers DG investment...
Electrical power systems have been traditionally designed taking energy from high-voltage levels, and distributing it to lower voltage level networks. There are large generation units connected to transmission networks. But in the future there will be a large number of small generators connected to the distribution networks. Efficient integration of this distributed generation requires network innovations...
In this paper, a small-scale Rankine Cycle (RC) operating as a combined heat and power (CHP) unit and fed by wood waste is studied and the preliminary design and theoretical analysis of the main RC components are presented. A reciprocating single-stage expansion steam engine (SE) was chosen as the expander device: its main characteristics and operative performance are discussed in detail. Finally,...
The recent development of small scale combined heat and power (CHP) systems has provided the opportunity for in-house power backup of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays. This paper investigates the potential of deploying a distributed network of PV+CHP hybrid systems in order to increase the PV penetration level in the U.S. The temporal distribution of solar flux, electrical and heating requirements...
The purpose of this paper has been to carry out an exergetic analysis of an innovative natural gas (NG) combined cycle cogeneration system (150-kW e , 192-kW t ). The combined cycle is composed of a reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), which is used as the topping cycle, and a water Rankine cycle (RC), which operates on the exhaust gases from the ICE, as the bottoming cycle...
This paper presents a dynamic multi-objective model for distribution network expansion, considering the distributed generations as non-wire solutions. The proposed model simultaneously optimizes two objectives namely, total costs and technical constraint satisfaction by finding the optimal schemes of sizing, placement and specially the dynamics (i.e., timing) of investments on DG units and/or network...
To face winter electricity peaking issues the authors proposes an analysis of the potential of distributed gas technologies for demand side management. This impact has to be analysed at small scale before any large scale extrapolation. Bi-energy technologies (gas and electricity) are a path to transfer loads from one system to another. Indeed, the flexible gas infrastructure adapts to load while electricity...
This paper presents a new methodology for the creation and management of coalitions in Electricity Markets. This approach is tested using the multi-agent market simulator MASCEM, taking advantage of its ability to provide the means to model and simulate VPP (Virtual Power Producers). VPPs are represented as coalitions of agents, with the capability of negotiating both in the market, and internally,...
The subject addressed in this paper is the analytical study of the transition of an energy generation system for a real MV/LV distribution system from one that is “fuel-based” to a distributed and smart “renewables-based” system. The paper outlines both the technical and the economic issues related to such a transition from one type of system to the other. The study is carried out for a real islanded...
This research presents a technical simulation and economic model of three small-scale technical alternatives supplying a typical rural homestead electricity load: a 15kVA wood gasification unit coupled to a 6kW e modified grid-connected petrol generator; the same system operating as a stand-alone system, and; a 6kW e diesel generator, all modelled against the electricity network in...
Future smart grids will require a flexible, observable, and controllable network architecture for reliable and efficient energy delivery under uncertain conditions. They will also necessitate variability in distributed energy generators and demand-side loads. This study presents a tree-like user-mode network architecture responding to these requirements. The approaches presented for the next-generation...
This paper presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) super-structure model for the optimal design of distributed energy generation systems that satisfy the heating and power demand at the level of a small neighborhood. The objective is the optimal selection of the system components among several candidate technologies (micro combined heat and power units, photovoltaic arrays, boilers, central...
This paper presents a robust optimization method to determine the optimum capacity of distributed generation technologies for buildings in the face of uncertain energy demand. The model presents capacity requirements of energy system that is almost optimal for different realizations of the uncertain demand. By adjusting the penalty and degree of solution robustness parameters, the trade-off between...
A stand-alone power system is an independent system that comprises micro-turbines, diesel generators, a wind park, solar photovoltaic (PV) modules and/or energy storages, etc. This paper presents a new method for dealing with the short-term active power scheduling of a stand-alone system. The fuel cost of diesel units and CO 2 emission are minimized and all operation constraints are satisfied...
The interconnection of renewable energy sources with distribution systems is attracting increasing interest because these renewable sources are inexhaustible and nonpolluting. Wind and photovoltaic are among the most mature of these energy sources, and their penetration continues to increase. In this paper a method based on GA (genetic algorithm) is presented to investigate the distribution system...
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