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This paper presents the first results of an investigation carried out by the authors on the potentialities of biodiesel as an alternative fuel based on strategic considerations and field experiences in boilers and diesel engines.The operation of a biodiesel fuelled boiler has been checked for some months. The engines have been bench-tested and then installed on urban buses for normal operation. Distances,...
An evaluation was performed on the efficiency and emissions from an engine fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG) and a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen, respectively. The mixtures of CNG and hydrogen were named HCNG.Two different mixtures were investigated; pure CNG, and 29vol% H 2 in CNG (named HCNG). For each mixture, four engine speeds were tested under full load conditions. For...
Pinch analysis techniques have been developed for a wide range of applications ranging from process plant thermal or water integration to financial and supply chain management. This paper presents a new application of pinch analysis. A scenario is assumed wherein energy sector planning takes place with carbon emission constraints arising from an effort to reduce climate change effects. A procedure...
An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the effects of using blends of ethanol with conventional diesel fuel, with 5%, 10% and 15% (by vol.) ethanol, on the combustion and emissions of a standard, fully instrumented, four-stroke, high-speed, direct injection (HSDI), ‘Hydra’ diesel engine located at the authors’ laboratory. The tests are conducted using each of the above fuel blends or neat...
The effects of biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) and different diesel/RME blends on the diesel engine NO x emissions, smoke, fuel consumption, engine efficiency, cylinder pressure and net heat release rate are analysed and presented. The combustion of RME as pure fuel or blended with diesel in an unmodified engine results in advanced combustion, reduced ignition delay and increased heat...
A single-cylinder diesel engine has been converted into a dual-fuel engine to operate with natural gas together with a pilot injection of diesel fuel used to ignite the CNG–air charge. The CNG was injected into the intake manifold via a gas injector on purpose designed for this application. The main performance of the gas injector, such as flow coefficient, instantaneous mass flow rate, delay time...
DI diesel engines are well established today as the main powertrain solution for trucks and other relevant heavy duty vehicles. At the same time emission legislation (mainly for NO x and particulate matter) becomes stricter, reducing their limit to extremely low values. One efficient method to control NO x in order to achieve future emissions limits is the use of rather high exhaust...
Diesel engine development for use in light-, medium- and heavy-duty road vehicles is mainly driven by more and more stringent emission standards. Apart from air quality related emissions such as nitrogen oxides and particulates, also greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are likely to become of more and more importance. Furthermore, oil-based fuel availability might become a problem due to limited reserves...
Through experiments conducted on a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine, effects of exhaust gas recirculatoin (EGR) on combustion and emission during cold start were investigated. Combustion of first firing cycle can be promoted significantly by introducing EGR. In experiments, when partially closed choking valve and partially or fully opened EGR valve, peak cylinder pressure of first...
This work presents algebraic targeting techniques for energy sector planning with carbon (CO 2 ) emission and land availability constraints. In general, it is desirable to maximize the use of low- or zero-carbon energy sources to reduce CO 2 emission. However, such technologies are either more expensive (as with renewable energy) or more controversial (as in the case of nuclear energy...
This paper presents the initial results of an experimental investigation of regulated and unregulated emissions of a boiler fueled with biodiesel and heating oil. In particular CO, SO 2 , NO x , particulate matter (PM), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and aldehydes emissions were examined. When using biodiesel, a strong reduction in CO and PM...
With the increasing concern regarding diesel vehicle emissions and the rising cost of the liquid diesel fuel as well, more conventional diesel engines internationally are pursuing the option of converting to use natural gas as a supplement for the conventional diesel fuel (dual fuel natural gas/diesel engines). The most common natural gas/diesel operating mode is referred to as the pilot ignited natural...
Emission tests were carried out on a large-scale medium-speed supercharged diesel engine (∼1MW per cylinder) with control parameters compression ratio, start of ignition (SOI) and fuel type (light and heavy fuel oil, LFO and HFO). Emissions of NO x , CO, hydrocarbons (HC), smoke (FSN) and particulate matter (PM) were measured and are discussed in relation to the control parameters. Regarding...
A research associated with urban transportation was carried out in Rawalpindi and Islamabad to analyze the status of emission of air pollutants and energy demands. The study included a discussion of past trends and future scenarios in order to reduce the future emissions. A simple model of passenger transport has been developed using computer based software called Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning...
The exergy method is used to compare different production processes and various methods for emission abatement with respect to their overall environmental impact. Some ammonium nitrate production processes are studied as examples, because the pollutants (ammonia and ammonium nitrate), emitted from these processes into the air and/or into the water, are really a feedstock and a product from the production...
Many short-run studies point to the potential for direct fueling of compression ignition engines with plant oil fuels. There is a much smaller body of work that examines the potential for these fuels in long-run tests that illuminate engine endurance and longevity issues. Generally, longevity studies involving direct fueling of engines with straight plant oils have shown significant impact to the...
Because of the low combustion temperature and high throttling loss, SI (spark-ignited) engines always encounter dropped performance at low load conditions. This paper experimentally investigated the co-effect of cylinder cutoff and hydrogen addition on improving the performance of a gasoline-fueled SI engine. The experiment was conducted on a modified four-cylinder SI engine equipped with an electronically...
In the period 1990–2007, CO 2 emissions from Ireland’s Transport sector increased by 181%. It has been proposed that a transition to EV (electrically-powered vehicles) – either BEV (battery-powered) or PHEV (plug-in hybrids) – offers the potential for significant reductions in these emissions. However, the benefits of PHEV – and of plug-in vehicles generally – accrue because some fraction...
Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were analyzed and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. Waste plastic oil (WPO) was tested as a fuel in a D.I. diesel engine and its performance characteristics were analysed and compared with...
Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines are considered to be more efficient and cleaner alternatives to their fossil-fueled counterparts. Reasonably fast and accurate predictive computational tools are essential for practical design, control and optimization of hydrogen engines. To serve for this broader purpose, a computational model, which has been widely used for gasoline and diesel engines,...
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