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The Two-Stage Gasifier was operated for more than 2000h. This paper will focus on the first tests (465h). During these tests the gasifier was operated automatically unattended day and night, and only small adjustments of the feeding rate were necessary once or twice per day. The operation was successful, and the output as expected. The engine operated well on the produced gas, and no deposits were...
Technical demonstration of an innovative small-scale gasification and power generation system for solid fuels such as wastes and biomass are described which is known as the STAR-MEET (steam/air reforming type multi-staged enthalpy extraction technology) system. In this system, a fixed-bed pyrolyzer combined with a high temperature reformer using a high temperature steam/air mixture is employed. From...
Hydrogen produced from renewable biofuel is both clean and CO 2 neutral. This paper evaluates energy and net CO 2 emissions consequences of integration of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor in a chemical pulp mill. A model of hydrogen production from gasified black liquor was developed and integration possibilities with the pulp mill's energy system were evaluated in order...
Wood torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process that improves the fuel properties of wood. At temperatures between 230 and 300°C, the hemicellulose fraction of the wood decomposes, so that torrefied wood and volatiles are formed. Mass and energy balances for torrefaction experiments at 250 and 300°C are presented. Advantages of torrefaction as a pre-treatment prior to gasification are demonstrated....
Biomass has great potential as a clean, renewable feedstock for producing modern energy carriers. This paper focuses on the process of biomass gasification, where the synthesis gas may subsequently be used for the production of electricity, fuels and chemicals. The gasifier is one of the least-efficient unit operations in the whole biomass-to-energy technology chain and an analysis of the efficiency...
In this work, a possible way for partial CO 2 emissions reduction from gas turbine exhausts by co-firing with biomass is investigated. The basic principle is the recirculation of a fraction of the exhausts (still rich in oxygen) to a gasifier, in order to produce syngas to mix with natural gas fuel. As biomass is a CO 2 neutral fuel, the fraction of replaced natural gas is a measure...
The effect of fuel composition on the thermodynamic efficiency of gasifiers and gasification systems is studied. A chemical equilibrium model is used to describe the gasifier. It is shown that the equilibrium model presents the highest gasification efficiency that can be possibly attained for a given fuel. Gasification of fuels with varying composition of organic matter, in terms of O/C and H/C ratio...
The production of synthesis gas has gained increasing importance because of its use as raw material for various industrial syntheses. In this paper synthesis gas generation during the reaction of a coal/methane with steam and oxygen, which is called the co-gasification of coal and natural gas, was investigated using a laboratory scale fixed bed reactor. It is found that about 95% methane conversion...
This paper presents an exergetic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system, integrating a near-atmospheric solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with an allothermal biomass fluidised bed steam gasification process. The gasification heat requirement is supplied to the fluidised bed from the SOFC stack through high-temperature sodium heat pipes. The CHP system was modelled in AspenPlus™ software including...
Converting wood to grid quality methane allows to distribute a CO 2 free, renewable energy resource in a conventional energy distribution system and use it in transportation applications. Applying a multi-objective optimisation algorithm to a previously developed thermo-economic process model for the thermochemical production of synthetic natural gas from wood, the present paper assesses the...
The paper deals with waste gasification as a technology allowing for indirect co-firing of large quantities of biodegradable wastes in coal-fired power boilers. In contrast to common landfilling and direct co-firing, gasification of wastes presents a number of advantages. Problematic species in original feedstocks can be partly safely incinerated in the furnace and partly retained in the gasification...
Biomass, integral to life, is one of the main energy sources that modern technologies could widely develop, overcoming inefficient and pollutant uses. The sugarcane bagasse is one of the more abundant biomass. Moreover, the fluctuating sugar and energy prices force the sugarcane companies to implement improved power plants. Thanks to a multiyear collaboration between University of Rome and University...
This paper presents a comparative energy system analysis of different technologies utilising organic waste for heat and power production as well as fuel for transport. Technologies included in the analysis are second-generation biofuel production, gasification, fermentation (biogas production) and improved incineration. It is argued that energy technologies should be assessed together with the energy...
Two biomass gasification concepts, i.e. indirectly heated, fast internally circulating fluidised bed (FICFB) gasification with steam as gasifying agent and two-stage, directly heated, fixed bed Viking gasification are compared with respect to their performance as gas generators. Based on adjusted equilibrium equations, the gas composition and the energy requirements for gasification are accurately...
This editorial and overview of a Special Issue dedicated to the 11th Conference Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction – PRES 2008. Thirteen papers have been selected and after being peer-reviewed. Nine were accepted for publication covering important subjects of energy generation and usage. They are focusing on recent development of various features...
The problem of producing synthetic liquid fuels by alternative routes is addressed. Industrial processes known as gas to liquid (GTL) and coal to liquid (CTL) are considered and compared to a hybrid process presently developed, which combines features of both GTL and CTL.Detailed process models are developed. Based on simulations, it is shown that the fuel produced per unit of feedstock (weight basis,...
In the present work the gasification process of cork residues sourced in an industrial procedure in the regions of Extremadura (Spain) and Alentejo (Portugal) was studied. These by-products were classified as black agglomerates (low and high granulate), sandpaper dust (white agglomerate) and triturated wood. Samples of several residues obtained through different phases of the cork manufacturing process...
In this study, forest residues (limbs, tops, and branches) and straw (from wheat and barley) are considered for producing biohydrogen in Western Canada for upgrading of bitumen from oil sands. Two types of gasifiers, namely, the Battelle Columbus Laboratory (BCL) gasifier and the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) gasifier are considered for biohydrogen production. Production costs of biohydrogen from...
This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and...
Back in 1970s and 1980s, cogeneration plants in sugarcane mills were primarily designed to consume all bagasse, and produce steam and electricity to the process. The plants used medium pressure steam boilers (21 bar and 300°C) and backpressure steam turbines. Some plants needed also an additional fuel, as the boilers were very inefficient. In those times, sugarcane bagasse did not have an economic...
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