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Fuel cells have great application potential as stationary power plants, as power sources in transportation, and as portable power generators for electronic devices. Most fuel cells currently being developed for use in vehicles and as portable power generators require hydrogen as a fuel. Chemical storage of hydrogen in liquid fuels is considered to be one of the most advantageous options for supplying...
This paper evaluates possible synergies with industry, such as heat and oxygen recovery from the hydrogen production. The hydrogen production technology used in this paper is electrolysis and the calculations include the cost and energy savings for integrated hydrogen production. Electrolysis with heat recovery leads to both cost reduction and higher total energy efficiencies of the hydrogen production...
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis systems offers several advantages over traditional technologies including greater energy efficiency, higher production rates, and more compact design. Normally in these systems, the anode has the largest overpotential at typical operating current densities. By development of the electrocatalytic material used for the oxygen evolving electrode, great...
When gasified black liquor is used for hydrogen production, significant amounts of biomass must be imported. This paper compares two alternative options for producing hydrogen from biomass: (A) pulp-mill-integrated hydrogen production from gasified back liquor; and (B) stand-alone production of hydrogen from gasified biomass. The comparison assumes that the same amount of biomass that is imported...
Many research and development projects throughout the world are devoted to sustainable hydrogen production processes. Low-temperature electrolysis, when consuming electricity produced without greenhouse gas emissions, is a sustainable process, though having limited efficiency.The performance of electrolysis processes can be improved by functioning at high temperature (high-temperature electrolysis,...
In the last years the interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier is significantly increased both for vehicle fuelling and stationary energy production by fuel cells. The benefits of a hydrogen energy policy are the reduction of the greenhouse effect and the centralization of the emission sources. Moreover, an improvement to the environmental benefits can be achieved if hydrogen is produced from renewable...
The addition of MO x (M: di- or tri-valent transition metal ion) into cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) enhanced the ability of CeO 2 for the oxygen (O 2 )-releasing reaction at lower temperature and swift hydrogen (H 2 )-generation reaction. CeO 2 –MO x (M=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu) reactive ceramics having high melting points were synthesized with the combustion...
Fe 3 O 4 supported on cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (Fe 3 O 4 /c-YSZ) is proposed as a promising redox material for the production of hydrogen from water via a thermochemical two-step water-splitting cycle. In this study, the evolution of oxygen and hydrogen during the cyclic reaction was examined using Fe 3 O 4 /c-YSZ particles in order to demonstrate...
A stand-alone power system that consists of a photovoltaic array and wind generators for the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES), and that is capable of storing excessive energy in the form of hydrogen via water electrolysis for subsequent use in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is currently being installed at Neo Olvio of Xanthi in Greece. The performance of two power management...
A gliding arc reformer was proposed to produce hydrogen-rich gas. The reformer has two reactors including a plasma reactor and a catalyst reactor.The reforming characteristics for each of the following variables were studied: O 2 /C ratio, total gas flow rate, catalyst reactor temperature, reformer energy density, catalytic effect and CO 2 input concentration to simulate biogas.Optimum...
Because of the needs of sustainable development of the mankind society and natural environment building a renewable energy system is one of the most critical issues that today's society must address. In the new energy system there is a requirement for a renewable fuel to replace current energy carrier. Hydrogen is an ideal secondary energy. Using solar energy to produce hydrogen in large scale can...
The advantage of copper doping onto TiO 2 semiconductor photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen generation under irradiation at the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum has been investigated. Two methods of preparation for the copper-doped catalyst were selected – complex precipitation and wet impregnation methods – using copper nitrate trihydrate as the starting material. The dopant...
An integrated system for hydrogen production via autothermal steam reforming of methanol and consequent power generation in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been developed and operated at C.P.E.R.I. The pilot plant comprises an autothermal reforming reactor to produce hydrogen, a preferential oxidation reactor (PROX) to reduce CO concentration below 50ppm and a PEM fuel cell for...
Hydrogen demand as an energy currency is anticipated to rise significantly in the future, with the emergence of a hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production is a key component of a hydrogen economy. Several production processes are commercially available, while others are under development including thermochemical water decomposition, which has numerous advantages over other hydrogen production processes...
Novel composites consisting of cobalt–boron (CoB) catalyst and sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) implantation in polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG) or sodium alginate) were prepared for portable hydrogen production. The CoB catalyst was synthesized by the reduction of cobalt salt in NaBH 4 solution followed by heat treatment in nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was embedded in PEG gel...
Because of the needs of sustainable development of the mankind society and natural environment building a renewable energy system is one of the most critical issues that today's society must address. In the new energy system there is a requirement for a renewable fuel to replace current energy carrier. Hydrogen is an ideal secondary energy. Using solar energy to produce hydrogen in large scale can...
In this study, we report the ability to split H 2 O into hydrogen at a reduced voltage by the influence of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and anode tolerance materials. This will improve the energy consumption for the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced at the cathode while the anode electrode is bathed in sulfur dioxide and water to form sulfuric acid by the application of potential...
Nanofibers are able to form a highly porous mesh and their large surface to volume ratio improves performance for many applications. Organic-inorganic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate nanofiber composites were prepared by electrospinning method. The structure and physical-chemical properties of the novel nanofiber composites are characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. The...
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a method by which biomass can be converted into a hydrogen-rich gas product. Wet industrial waste streams, which contain both organic and inorganic material, are well suited for treatment by SCWG. In this study, the gasification of two streams of biomass resulting from the pulp and paper industry, black liquor and paper sludge, has been investigated. The...
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Several studies have demonstrated its advantages from the economic viewpoint. Nowadays process development is based on technical and economical aspects; however, in the near future, the environmental impact will play a significant role in the design of such processes. In this paper, an SMR process is studied...
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