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We have studied the cement industry in China to determine the prospects for renovation and for building new facilities during the 1990s, and, in particular, the prospects for improved energy efficiency. The potential is good for renovating most vertical-kiln plants to improve their energy intensity 10-30% while substantially increasing their capacity and reducing pollution, all at low cost. State-of-the-art...
The findings of a national evaluation of the U.S. Department of Energy's low-income Weatherization Assistance Program ( Program ) are used to explain variations in Program effectiveness. Overall, the Program was found to be a cost-effective federal investment. However, local weatherization agencies vary greatly in the effectiveness of their operations, and the energy saved by individual dwellings...
A systematic calculation of the time constant τ is presented for Greek buildings. This type of information is not available for many other countries. Correlations are developed which provide values of τ for eight general classes and 21 types of buildings with 15 and 10 kinds of walls and roof constructions, respectively. The total floor areas of buildings range from 30 to 3000 m 2 . Only...
In order to obtain the diffuse radiation for practical application at various locations, 12 theoretical models for calculating the monthly-average, daily, diffuse radiation as a function of atmospheric parameters were applied to measured data in Turkey and Australia. Results of error analyses and calculated monthly-average, daily, diffuse estimates are given.
Two different solar desiccant-dehumidification-regeneration systems have been studied. Both have the same glazed area and utilize similar mechanisms for dehumidification and regeneration. The solid desiccant used is silica gel and the particle sizes fall in the ranges of 6-8 and 2-4 mesh. The structures of the systems are simple and they are suitable for such applications as air-conditioning, drying,...
Disposal of spent nuclear fuel is a controversial subject with both political and technical issues. The current U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) strategy of direct disposal of unprocessed light-water reactor (LWR) spent fuel poses significant long-term proliferation risks and may result in poor long-term containment of radionuclides. An alternative strategy based on the RAPD (Reactor/Accelerator...
A method is developed for analysing the cost-effectiveness of energy-conservation measures. The method reconciles social preferences with the profit-seeking objectives of private investors. An important externality to the energy system is environmental protection, which is considered through the avoided cost approach. An LP-model is used to examine structural changes to the primary supply side...
Fertilizers and irrigation water are the two major energy inputs in Indian agriculture. Energy returns from energy inputs in fertilizers and irrigation water have been evaluated. An increase in either of these two inputs increased the crop yield but decreased the energy-use efficiency. Judicious use of fertilizers and irrigation water reduced the energy cost of irrigation plus fertilizers by 20-50%...
Urban household-electricity use in China has grown rapidly in recent years. To develop a better understanding of this most active component of electricity consumption growth, we survey its main characteristics and analyze the major factors affecting its growth. An outlook for the future growth is presented.
Based on the dry-wet season model of solar radiation for Yunnan (DWS model) developed by us and relevant data on geographic and meteorological parameters, we have estimated values of global radiation on tilted surfaces (south-facing) for each month at 133 meteorological stations in Yunnan Province, China, and have studied the ratios of global radiation on tilted surfaces to those on horizontal surfaces...
China's demand for energy in general, and for electricity, is expected to continue to increase for at least the next several decades. Environmental and financial considerations are amongst the major factors that will determine the sources used for generating electricity. In this paper, we compare the cost of supplying electricity from coal, hydro and nuclear facilities to China's Eastern coastal...
By employing an internally and externally irreversible Carnot-like heat-engine model, the design parameters of a solar-powered heat engine are obtained for radiative and convective boundary conditions. The external irreversibility parameter must be less than 0.5 for optimum thermal efficiency and maximum power output. Increasing the cycle-irreversibility parameter and heat-transfer area of the cold...
We have studied an internal combustion CO 2 power plant to enhance oil recovery. The plant has air separation of O 2 for combustion and of N 2 for injection, a combustion chamber, a turbine, a compressors, a recuperator, and a cooling tower. The oil-derived gases are used to produce liquid CO 2 , highly compressed N 2 , process steam and, if necessary, power...
Gasification of German oil shale and coal using concentrated solar energy as a heat source is studied in a fixed bed reactor under an argon atmosphere. The reactor allows direct absorption of irradiation resulting in high rates of temperature increase and hence in simultaneous decomposition of organic matter and carbonates present in the shale. Synthesis gases are produced consisting of H 2 ...
We present a method for decomposing industrial energy demand using the Divisia approach. This method involves decomposition of the aggregate energy-intensity index measured in terms of energy consumption per unit output. The factors considered are changes in production structure and sectoral energy intensities. The effect associated with sectoral energy intensities is further decomposed into those...
Equations for predictions of stream functions and velocity profiles in isothermal, inviscid swirling flow through the expanding quarl of industrial burners with a bluff body have been derived with the aid of a correlation equation obtained from experimental data. The loci of zero axial velocity obtained from this correlation are somewhat different from those observed, whereas the stream lines have...
A general model framework is developed which describes regional and municipal energy systems in terms of data-flow networks. It provides a highly flexible tool for dynamic and stochastic minimization of primary energy demand, emissions of pollutants, and monetary cost. Included are conventional energy-supply techniques, rational use of energy via heat-exchanger networks, heat pumps and cogeneration,...
Fluidization experiments at ambient conditions and combustion experiments with auto fluff have been conducted as a preamble to development of a two-stage combustion process by IGT. Fluidized-bed combustion has revealed unique properties of auto fluff. The CO concentration in the flue gas fluctuates widely with non-steady feeding of fluff. The effects of fractional excess air, fluidizing air velocity,...
Criteria are described for ideal working substances in centrifugal chillers. Chlorine-free fluorinated ethers and hydrocarbons are being considered as potential replacements for R-11, R-12 and R-114. Comparisons are made in terms of ecological and thermophysical properties and standard air-conditioning parameters for working substances which can be used without change of system design. R-245ca...
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