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Embedded systems have specific real-time requirements that led to the development of dedicated communication protocols. Such systems must face increasing communication needs and the evolution of switched Ethernet architecture. But moving from existing dedicated field-busses architectures to new Ethernet based architectures is not always feasible, due to industrial constraints. In this paper, we compare...
The Bluetooth (BT) standard, originally designed as a cable replacement technology for low-cost, effortless connection of electronic devices, is becoming quite an attractive option even in industrial communication, as it allows low-power, cheap and easy-to-build solutions to be obtained using the available BT modules and application profiles. The great recent interest in using Bluetooth in distributed...
The concept of deadline dependent coding (DDC) has been demonstrated as a promising design approach for efficient and reliable real-time communications over wireless channels. The main idea behind the concept of DDC is to make all components of the communication protocol deadline dependent, tailoring the channel code and the retransmission protocol to the specific real-time constraints. The DDC framework...
Embedded electronic communication systems play a vital role in the future development of automotive systems. For successful application developments new test and diagnosis solutions for these distributed systems are required. This paper presents solutions for the stimulus generation of test systems based on a remote test under the stringent constraints of the automotive industry. We elaborate a flexible...
In-vehicle embedded systems typically consist of a set of nodes exchanging applicative data ("signals") through a stack of communication protocols that includes a middleware layer. On each node, tasks, both applicative and middleware level, are subject to deadline constraints. Furthermore, signals must be produced sufficiently recently for being safely consumed on the receiver end (so-called...
This paper compares the fieldbus protocols LIN 1.3, LIN 2.07 and TTP/A to the requirements of low-cost body electronic networks in the automotive domain. The examined protocols all aim at distributed smart sensor/actuator networks and provide support for low-cost implementation on standard microcontroller nodes. LIN comes with a rigid specification of the physical layer in order to support interoperability...
The X-by-Wire systems in cars can only be accepted if they provide at least the same dependability than the traditional ones. In this paper we propose a new approach to evaluate the impact of the EMI perturbations on the dependability of an X-by-Wire architecture. The considered X-by-Wire architecture is distributed around a TDMA-like communication protocol. So a perturbation causes the loss of a...
Embedded systems have specific real-time requirements that led to the development of dedicated communication protocols. Such systems often face increasing communication needs and the integration of switched Ethernet architecture. But moving from existing dedicated field-buses architectures to new Ethernet based architectures is not always easily feasible, due to industrial constraints. In this paper,...
The efficient use of the limited energy resources is the key challenge in the design of wireless sensor networks. Due to the paramount importance of the energy conservation, all protocols for these networks have to be designed taking into account their energy consumption. When simulation is used to analyze the performance of any energy-aware algorithm, it is necessary to have the information about...
A reported liability of the controller area network protocol is that it does not provide a clock synchronization service. Therefore, whenever a CAN-based distributed embedded system requires its nodes to have a common time base, clock synchronization has to be implemented by means of an external mechanism. In a previous work, we proposed a fault-tolerant and high-precision clock synchronization protocol...
Traditional shared Ethernet networks have a non-deterministic behaviour, which impairs the support of real-time communication. In this paper, it is proposed a shared Ethernet deterministic architecture, able to interconnect sensors, controllers and actuators at the field level, allowing the coexistence of standard devices with enhanced (real-time) devices. Such solution is based on the control of...
In modern communication networks the task of synchronizing the system clock of nodes is of growing interest. Especially in sensor networks synchronized applications are of crucial importance, but a global view of the system status can only be examined if the individual data acquisitions are exactly related to each other. This imposes constraints on the implementation that are rarely discussed. The...
An integrated approach for the interoperation between two heterogeneous fieldbus systems, i.e. Profibus-DP and HART is proposed and implemented through a fieldbus protocol conversion gateway, which possesses not only high real-time performance but also an open architecture. The proposed approach introduces a communication model between heterogeneous fieldbus devices, based on analyzing of the layered...
The management of ad-hoc networks raises interesting problems, that are particularly challenging for networks of mobile nodes. Considering the inherent complexity of these systems, the development of distributed applications relying on wireless communication protocols would be greatly simplified by the use of specific tools for supporting testing and step-by-step debugging. In this paper we describe...
This paper addresses an agent-based negotiation protocol that enables to make flexible trading on resource dealing among distributed organizations. When distributed organizations, categorized into either supply or demand sites, form a temporary negotiation group on the network, negotiation-based commitment is necessary to reach mutual agreement. However, the negotiation process usually involves complicated...
This paper describes the design and implementation of a CAN time-triggered based communication protocol named SCoCAN, (shared channel on CAN), intended for use in distributed control systems, as is the case of autonomous mobile robots. This protocol enables real time communication between different intelligent nodes (sensors, actuators and controllers). The SCoCAN protocol has been implemented in...
In this contribution we present an application layer called 1394AP (1394 automation protocol) for the industrial use of the IEEE 1394 "FireWire" standard which is favorable for factory automation because of its inherently deterministic network behavior. Starting from an analysis of industrial communication requirements and an overview of the principles of IEEE 1394, it will be shown that...
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