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Spinning contingency reserve is idle capacity connected to the system to ensure reliable system operations in the case of equipment outages. The reserve has an economic value since it reduces the outage costs. In several electricity markets, reserve demand functions have been implemented to take into account the value of reserve in the market clearing process. These often take the form of a step-down...
Wind is being recognized as an encouraging and cost effective generation source both in large grid connected systems and small isolated applications. The actual benefits obtained from utilizing wind energy for electric power generation can be investigated using reliability and economic evaluation techniques. The focus of these techniques is usually directed to the areas of reliability and the investment/operation...
This paper presents a probabilistic reliability planning method for transmission systems. The core of the method is the quantified reliability evaluation technique, which is based on Monte Carlo simulation for transmission and generation and an analytical multiple-state model for an HVDC system. The planning procedure includes comparison among reinforcement alternatives, effect study of retired components,...
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