The following topics are dealt with: optical MLSE receiver; Ethernet transmission; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; optical fiber network; DWDM; microwave photonics; packet switching; quantum communication; wavelength allocation; semiconductor ring laser; GMPLS; operational cost reduction; broadband semiconductor optical amplifier; microcavities; laser heating.
Two possible structures that enable highly-efficient photon out-coupling from wavelength-scale resonators are to be discussed. Specifically the vertical beaming scheme and the all-fiber coupling scheme are discussed in detail, showing the possibility of high optical coupling efficiency in excess of 80%.