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Background and aims
Smoking is associated with increased risk for brain aging/atrophy and dementia. Few studies have examined early associations with brain aging. This study aimed to measure whether adult men with a history of heavier smoking in early mid‐life would have older than predicted brain age 16–28 years later.
Design
Prospective cohort observational study, utilizing smoking pack years...
Background and aims
Despite prescribing declines between 2011 and 2019, opioid morbidity and mortality in the United States continued to rise during this period. We estimated the relationship between opioid prescribing, opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdose in the United States.
Design
Dynamic Markov model.
Setting
United States, using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and...
This narrative review examines the impact of cigarette smoking and the use of other tobacco and nicotine products on cardiovascular disease. Smoking increases the incidence of both acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases, and the harmful effects are substantially and relatively quickly reversible after quitting. Recommended cessation treatment includes offering pharmacotherapy, counseling which...
Background and Aims
This study aimed to (1) describe trends in stimulant‐alone and stimulant and other substance use overdose deaths from 2012 to 2018 and (2) measure patient and service use characteristics across stimulant‐related overdose death profiles.
Design
Retrospective cohort study of patients who died from stimulant‐involved overdose between annual years 2012 and 2018.
Setting
United...
Background and Aims
In 2003, the UK government passed the Licensing Act for England and Wales. The Act provides a framework for regulating alcohol sale, including four licensing objectives with local governments having devolved responsibility for granting licences to sell alcohol. Members of the public can make representations of oppositions to licence applications. Applying the theories of the policy...
Background and Aims
Electronic cigarette use has escalated rapidly in recent years, particularly among youth. Little is known about the genetic influences on e‐cigarette use. This study aimed to determine whether genetic risk for regular use of combustible cigarettes or for number of cigarettes smoked per day confers risk for ever e‐cigarette use or frequency of e‐cigarette use.
Design, Setting,...
Aims
To document organ pathologies detected post‐mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder and estimate the extent to which individual characteristics are associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic or renal pathologies.
Design
Two‐year cross‐sectional nation‐wide study.
Setting
Norway.
Participants
Among all 200 patients who died during opioid agonist...
Aims
To estimate whether the use of wagering inducements has a significant impact on the gambling behaviors of on‐line gamblers and describe this temporal relation under naturalistic conditions.
Design
This longitudinal observational study is part of the second stage of the Screening for Excessive Gambling Behaviors on the Internet (EDEIN) research program.
Setting
Gambling tracking data from...
Background and Aims
The configuration of alcohol and other drug treatment service systems has been influenced by the uptake of market mechanisms for treatment funding and purchasing. This study measured the impact of market mechanisms for funding and purchasing alcohol and drug treatment services on client outcomes.
Design
An observational cross‐sectional study, employing multi‐level analysis:...
Aims
To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined internet and text message intervention for smoking cessation compared with an internet intervention alone. The text message intervention was optimized for engagement in an earlier multiphase optimization (MOST) screening phase.
Design
A parallel, two‐group, individually randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted in a MOST confirming phase. Recruitment...
Aim
To determine how varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and electronic cigarettes compare with respect to their clinical effectiveness and safety.
Method
Systematic reviews and Bayesian network meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials, in any setting, of varenicline, bupropion, NRT and e‐cigarettes (in high, standard and low doses, alone or in combination) in adult...
Background and aims
Up to 95% of pregnant women seeking treatment for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use smoke tobacco. Previous reviews indicate few effective smoking cessation treatments for this group. This updated review aimed to identify and measure the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions trialled among pregnant women in AOD treatment settings who smoke tobacco.
Methods
A narrative synthesis...
Background and aim
Prescribers are commonly confronted with discontinuing opioid therapy among patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy (COT). This study aimed to measure the association between discontinuing COT and diagnoses of substance use disorders (SUDs) and opioid‐related adverse outcomes (AOs).
Design
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting
United States Veterans Healthcare Administration...
Background and Aims
Molecular genetic studies of alcohol and nicotine use have identified many genome‐wide association study (GWAS) loci. We measured associations between drinking and smoking polygenic scores (PGS) and trajectories of alcohol and nicotine use outcomes from late childhood to early adulthood, substance‐specific versus broader‐liability PGS effects, and if PGS performance varied for...
Background and Aims
In light of the accelerating drug overdose epidemic in North America, new strategies are needed to identify communities most at risk to prioritize geographically the existing public health resources (e.g. street outreach, naloxone distribution efforts). We aimed to develop PROVIDENT (Preventing Overdose using Information and Data from the Environment), a machine learning‐based...
Background and Aims
Unhealthy alcohol use (UAU) is one of the leading causes of global morbidity. A machine learning approach to alcohol screening could accelerate best practices when integrated into electronic health record (EHR) systems. This study aimed to validate externally a natural language processing (NLP) classifier developed at an independent medical center.
Design
Retrospective cohort...
Background and Aims
In response to a dramatic rise in overdose deaths due to injection drug use, there was a rapid scale‐up of low‐threshold supervised injection services (SIS), termed ‘overdose prevention sites’ (OPS), in Vancouver, Canada in December 2016. We measured the potential impact of this intervention on SIS use and related health outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID).
Design...
Background and aims
Although most opioid‐related mortality in Australia involves prescription opioids, most research to understand the impact of naloxone supply on opioid‐related mortality has focused upon people who inject heroin. We aimed to examine the cost and probable impact of up‐scaling naloxone supply to people who are prescribed opioids.
Design
Decision‐tree model. Four scenarios were...
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