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This paper compares the efficiency of AC and DC microgrids from a new perspective. It studies the effect of adding a battery energy storage on a microgrid efficiency. A new designed Finnish-townhouse building is applied to model the power flow and converter types. Losses related to wirings, converters and dis/charging of the energy storage are calculated in a minute resolution to enhance the accuracy...
When a DC voltage source supplies energy to an electric load, it can operate either for maximum power transfer and low efficiency (50%), or with an acceptable efficiency with less power transferred. In this paper an analytic expression is developed and used to quantify this trade off. Moreover, this expression is validated by an experimental circuit demonstrator.
This paper provides a quantitative and comparative study on efficiencies of a battery semi-active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and a battery-only system. The discussion is based on the equivalent series resistance (ESR) circuit models and a pulsed current load. It is theoretically proved that the efficiency difference between the two systems depends on the variance of the load current, the...
At present, there are two typical electromotive drive train system (EDTS) configurations on the market. On the one hand, there are high voltage systems for conventional cars with system voltages in the range of 400 V – 800 V. In industrial truck and fork lifter applications, there are low voltage solutions with a system voltage of 80 V. A main question at this topic is: “Which system battery voltage...
In automotive applications, the Z-source inverter is a single stage inverter that provides the useful feature of boosting the DC-link voltage to a desired value independently of the battery voltage. The advantage of an adjustable DC-link voltage can be used as a degree of freedom for a loss minimized control of electric drives. However, the semiconductors experience high stress during boost operation...
This paper provides a quantitative analysis on the energy efficiencies of the battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system and the lithium-ion-battery-only system under the JC08 driving cycle. There are two control parameters selected in the analysis, the efficiency of the DC-DC converter and the internal resistance of the battery pack. The analysis shows that compared to the battery-only system...
In battery-operated electric vehicles, a regenerative brake system is an additional feature that recovers kinetic energy back to the battery energy storage. Due to losses in the cyclic charge/discharge of battery characteristics such processes give low energy conversion efficiency. Supercapacitor, on the other hand, has an advantage over battery in terms of recovering an intermittent energy like a...
In this paper, a plug-to-wheel energy balance is made of battery electrical vehicles. The study is based on real data from a two years continuous monitoring of five Peugeot iOn cars, that was performed in Belgium since June 2011, with the financing and support of Electrabel. Different driving styles, trip profiles, type and intensity of use were observed, leading to different energy patterns. The...
It is very important for a battery electric vehicle to improve energy utilization efficiency because of limited energy storage on board. According to different viewpoint and requirements for battery electric vehicles, four kinds of evaluation methods were established, respectively. Analysis and comparison between different evaluation methods were performed with the help of simulation and bus demonstration...
A novel controller for a switched capacitor (SC) bidirectional DC/DC converter is proposed for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle energy storage systems, with simultaneous step-up and step-down output voltages. The novel control strategy enables simpler dynamics compared to a standard buck converter with input filter, good regulation capability, lower source current ripple, ease of control, and continuous...
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