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Aging of an organism appears to be a precursor for most, if not all disease outcomes. However, some diseases associated with aging are due to genetic mutations, while others occur even without altering the genetic sequence, through a phenomenon known as epigenetics. DNA methylation and histone modifications are classic examples of epigenetic modifications. These modifications appear to be in a constant...
Individuals of all ages can be detrimentally affected by cancer, albeit the disease is more prevalent in aging individuals. Epigenetic modulation is essential for normal development and becomes altered in cancer and aging. The most well-studied epigenetic elements include DNA methylation, histone modifications, miRNAs, and the binding of co-regulatory proteins such as Polycomb group and Trithorax...
The risk of developing cancer increases with age, and the accumulation of epigenetic modifications has been found to be an important factor in tumorigenesis. A global loss of DNA methylation is detected both in aging and in cancer, and promoter hypermethylation is associated with the silencing of genes with roles both in tumor suppression and in progeria, such as the Werner syndrome (WRN) and lamin...
The adaptive immune system is a highly proliferative organ that combines ongoing differentiation with preservation of memory. CpG DNA methylation is central to many of the fate decisions that occur from early lymphoid development to late effector functions of end-differentiated cells. Many of the DNA demethylation-sensitive genes play an important role in autoimmune diseases and in the immune defects...
Aging is a complex biological process that manifests through cellular, physical, and metabolic changes in all types of tissues. Changes in chromosome structure and function throughout life play a pivotal role in this irreversible physiological process by affecting gene expression, replication, recombination, DNA repair, and epigenetic programming. Upon exogenous stress or simply as the result of cellular...
Polycomb group (PcG) members are the key components of the cellular machinery that maintains the expression state of a large number of genes right from the early development through the entire life span of an individual. This evolutionarily well–conserved group of proteins create and maintain epigenetic chromatin marks that are translated into means of maintaining a temporally and spatially regulated...
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a sulfur-containing molecule at the heart of metabolism of all organisms. It is well known as the methyl donor for the majority of methyltransferases that modify DNA, RNA, histones, and many other proteins such as Tp53, lipids, and a variety of other small molecules including toxic compounds, such as arsenic, whose actions affect replication, transcription,...
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
The Cancer‐Prone Metabolic Phenotype of Aging
Age‐Related Epigenetic Silencing Via DNA Methylation
Inflammatory Control of Age‐Related Epigenetic Regulators
Lessons from Anti‐Aging Modalities
Conclusions
References
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