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The beginning of index investing in the 1970s was the result of a convergence of events. Institutional investors began to use firms to compare the total performance of their hired managers with index benchmarks and found that many of them fell short, especially after the substantial fees the investors were paying. Then, computers had gotten to the point where one could be put in an office setting...
This chapter contains sections titled:
Definitions and Issues
Government‐Supported/Private‐Sector‐Driven Model
National Champion Model
Asian Private‐Sector‐Driven Model
Planned Economy: Public Policy Model
Industry‐Driven Model
Corporate Diffusion Model
Application Diffusion Model
Technology‐Standards Diffusion Model
Patterns, Practices, and Implications
This chapter contains sections titled:
Ephemerides and Time
Before Kepler and Newton
Kepler and Newton
Tables, General Theories, and Ephemerides
Lunar Theories
The Advent of Computers
Numerical Integrations
Observational Data
Dynamical Reference Frame
Time Arguments
Astronomical Constants
Artificial Satellite Theories
Theory of Relativity
References
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