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Timing and synchronization play a key role in cyber-physical systems (CPS). Precise timing, as often required in safety-critical CPS, depends on hardware support for enforcement of periodic measure, compute, and actuate cycles. For general CPS, designers use a combination of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and conventional microprocessors...
Distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increasingly provided with an accurate and precise common sense of time using a variety of well established time distribution methods such as GNSS, IEEE 1588 and others. Less attention has been paid to the effective use of time in CPS and techniques and components to support such use. This paper reviews these topics and discusses critical components that...
This paper studies conditions where messages endlessly circulate in a system of IEEE 1588-2008 clocks. The study is based on two independent analysis techniques. One uses a discrete event simulation environment for describing the operation of the best master clock (BMC) algorithm in IEEE 1588-2008. The second uses a model checking tool. We discuss several cases illustrating conditions under which...
This paper discusses the use of the Ptides model of computation as a coordination language for the design of deterministic, event-driven, real-time, distributed embedded systems. Specifically, the paper shows how the use of synchronized clocks in the context of Ptides enables explicit, platform independent specification of functionality and timing. From this specification, we generate code for two...
Real-time embedded software today is commonly built using programming abstractions with little or no temporal semantics. This paper addresses this problem by presenting a programming model called programming temporally integrated distributed embedded systems (PTIDES) that serves as a coordination language for model-based design of distributed real-time embedded systems. Specifically, the paper describes...
PTIDES, a programming model for distributed real-time systems, was proposed previously. The model captures both the functionality of the system and the desired timing of interactions with the environment. The PTIDES simulator supports simulation of both of these aspects. In this work, we focus on the PTIDES development environment in the context of applications drawn from the control of electric power...
The problem addressed in this paper is the limitation imposed by network elements, especially Ethernet elements, on the real-time performance of timecritical systems. Most current network elements are concerned only with data integrity, connection, and throughput with no mechanism for enforcing temporal semantics. Existing safety-critical applications and other applications in industry require varying...
A research prototype of a control system based on smart transducers is described. The smart transducers are self-configuring and support a wide variety of sensors and actuators. Closed loop control has been demonstrated based on peer-to-peer communications.Each smart node consists of three modules:1. A communication transceiver allows selection of wired or wireless communication media.2. A common...
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