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This paper examines cyber conflict using a lens of ‘winning’ or ‘losing’, or alternatively the role of ‘victory’ or ‘triumph’ compared to that of ‘defeat’, to draw broader conclusions about the dynamics of cyber power. To do so, the paper analyses writing on the general topic of winning over the years, then dives into the two most critical key case studies: the 2007 attacks on Estonia, and the 2008–2015...
Cyber conflict may not be new, but it is far from old. And as with any other major, disruptive global trend, there are vexing questions on which traditional international norms still apply, whether they apply but with modifications, or whether entirely new norms must be invented. One of the most important norms has been for states to be able to remain neutral in response to international conflict,...
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