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The primary function of the parathyroid glands is to maintain calcium homeostasis through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone is regulated by serum calcium through calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) on the parathyroid cell surface. In turn, most peripheral tissues, primarily kidney and bone, have PTH receptors which can affect varying functions. In the past, disturbances in this...
The proportion of elderly people is growing steadily in Western societies as a consequence of increased life expectancy and reduced birth rates. Americans aged 80 years and older constituted 3.3% of the population in 2000; this is projected to increase to 7.7% in 2050 and 8.2% by 2070. In comparison, Americans 65–79 years of age constituted 9.3% of the population in 2000 and are projected to increase...
Thyroidectomy under local anesthesia was common historically. With improvements in general anesthesia, local anesthesia techniques are now restricted to patients deemed too ill to undergo general anesthesia or to those who live in extremely resource-poor locations. In the last few decades there has been renewed interest in thyroidectomy under local anesthesia, and the few published series reveal morbidity...
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