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Rapid evolution contributes to frequent emergence of RNA viral pathogens on novel hosts. However, accurately predicting which viral genotypes will emerge has been elusive. Prior work with lytic RNA bacteriophage ɸ6 (family Cystoviridae) suggested that evolution under low multiplicity of infection (MOI; proportion of viruses to susceptible cells) selected for greater host exploitation, while evolution...
Reproductive isolation can result from incompatibilities between mutations that arise in different individuals. Wang and Cooper examined this mechanism of postzygotic isolation in Escherichia coli experimentally evolved in either glucose or lactose. They formed recombinants from parents evolved in the same or different environments. Both same‐environment and different‐environment recombinants had...
For bacteria growing in colonies, spatial structure can allow maintenance of costly traits such as the production of antibiotics. Using spatially structured environments, Westhoff et al. examined the benefits of streptomycin production for the bacterium Streptomyces griseus in competition with a streptomycin‐susceptible strain. Streptomyces griseus outcompeted susceptible competitors, but the benefit...
Timing constraints are used by implementation tools in all design stages in modern design flows. With the growing complexity of designs and constraints, it is increasingly challenging to identify, diagnose, and fix constraint problems. In this paper, we present the technology of an interactive constraint debugger that automatically checks constraint problems, and provides context-sensitive diagnosis...
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