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The completion of the human genome project is widely regarded as a turning point in biology and medicine. As we usher in the “post-genomic” era, we are faced with an explosion of new information, which is leading to dramatic changes in the way we are able to study and manipulate life. Over the last few years, bimolecular research has progressed to functional genomics and the application of this knowledge...
DNA microarrays are the modern, parallel version of classic molecular biology hybridization techniques allowing the monitoring the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in a single run. Microarray allows rapid measurement and visualisation of differential expression of the whole genome scale. Using microarrays, RNA sample from any cell or tissue type can be analysed for changes in transcript...
Molecular diagnostics has become a growing part of the clinical laboratory. It includes all tests and methods to identify a disease and understand the predisposition for a disease analyzing DNA or RNA of an organism. Rapid advances in molecular diagnostics enable basic research and results in practical diagnostic tests. The basic application is to determine changes in sequence or expression levels...
Towards the post genomic sequencing era, conventional drug discovery is drastically improving genomic technologies and computational advances. One of the potential benefits is the accelerated introduction of new diagnostics and treatments to the general public. Personalized medicine is typically described as the use of molecular or genetic characteristics to customize therapy. The right medication...
The knowledge and technique of medical science applied to assist in the resolution of crimes, legal disputes, etc., constitute forensic medicine. Establishing the identity of victims (in cases of murder, accidents, etc.), criminals (in case of rape, murder, etc.) and the father (in case of paternity disputes), etc., is critical in solving the problem of crimes and disputes. This field was completely...
Biochip technology is highly effective method that allows monitoring of thousands of genes/alleles at a time in computerized automatic operations with minimal volumes of necessary reagents. Biochips promise an important shift in molecular biology, DNA diagnostics, and pharmacology, research in carcinogenesis and other diseases and also the possibility of a better understanding of the world of biology...
Nucleic acid hybridization techniques have contributed significantly to the understanding of gene organization, regulation and expression. In situ hybridization is a method for detecting specific nucleotide sequences by using a labeled complementary nucleic acid probe. The power of in situ hybridization can be greatly extended by the simultaneous use of multiple fluorescent colors. Multicolor fluorescence...
Aptamers are a new class of therapeutic and diagnostic reagents identified as binding molecules to numerous small compounds, proteins and rarely even to complete pathogen particles. Aptamers are typically selected from libraries of random DNA (or RNA) sequences through systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). This method is an in vitro method of selection of DNA or RNA sequences,...
As we enter into the twenty-first century, advances in medical technology help in the discovery of more genetic diseases. DNA sensing has become increasingly important for rapid genetic screening and detection. DNA biosensors offer considerable promise for obtaining the sequence specific information in human, viral and bacterial nucleic acid in a faster, simpler and cheaper manner as compared to traditional...
Modern molecular medicine encompasses the utilization of many molecular biological techniques in the analysis of disease, disease genes and disease gene function. The study of disease genes and their function in an unaffected individual has been possible by the development of recombinant DNA and cloning techniques. The term gene cloning covers a range of techniques that makes it possible to manipulate...
Food diagnostics is a relatively new and emerging area fuelled in large part by the ever-increasing demand for food safety. As a derivative of the larger medical diagnostic industry and other diagnostic areas (e.g., veterinary, environmental, and agricultural), the technology of food diagnostics is rapidly changing. Therefore, this field of application is used to outline principles, challenges, and...
Recombinant DNA technology can provide novel and powerful methods for forensic science application. Human genomic DNA can be analyzed directly for individual identification and paternity testing on the basis of polymorphism in its sequence. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) testing, STR (microsatellite) and mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA) is suitable for examination of the forensic...
As molecular techniques for identifying and detecting microorganisms in the clinical microbiology laboratory have become routine, questions about the cost of these techniques and their contribution to patient care need to be addressed. Molecular diagnosis is most appropriate for infectious agents that are difficult to detect, identify, or test for susceptibility in a timely fashion with conventional...
Pharmacogenomics explores the contribution of genetics to drug safety and specifically examines the single gene interactions with drugs. It also makes use of genetic tests to distinguish among patients whose genetic characteristics predispose them to respond in certain ways to certain medicines. An understanding of the genetic variables that influence drug response could also help pharmaceutical companies...
Phage display is a method of generating antibody reagents, and phage-antibody libraries to provide a rich source of antibody diversity, potentially providing hundreds of unique antibodies per target. The antibody gene, once isolated, can be conveniently shuttled into a variety of expression formats, providing a renewable resource of antibody protein.
There is a great concern within the scientific and security communities on the ongoing revolution in Genomics research. Genomics revolution may be used to enhance detection, protection and treatment so that biological warfare agents are never used. Biological weapons have the greatest potential for lethality of any weapon. Biological weapons are accessible to all countries; there are few barriers...
Reporter genes have become an invaluable tool in studies of gene expression. Reporter gene technology is widely used to monitor the cellular events associated with signal transduction and gene expression. Based upon the splicing of transcriptional control elements to a variety of reporter genes (with easily measurable phenotypes), it “reports” the effects of a cascade of signaling events on gene expression...
Global manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals has increased significantly over the last decade due to a number of reasons. Biopharmaceuticals offer several advantages such as highly effective and potent action, fewer side effects and the potential to actually cure diseases rather than merely treat the symptoms. These advantages, combined with the increasing number of new diseases that can be treated...
Kary Mullis devised a method of replicating genes called "PCR" (polymerase chain reaction). A DNA sequence less than one part in a million of the total sample can be cloned. In fact, a single gene can be amplified into millions of duplicate copies. In order to determine the exact DNA sequence of a gene or section of DNA, it is necessary to have an adequate sample of the particular gene to...
In the post-genomic age, the means to search the entire genome for biomarkers has become available, but the conventional approaches to biomarker discovery are entirely inadequate to yield results with the new technology. Finding clinically useful biomarker panels with sensitivity and specificity equal to that of cystoscopy is a problem of systems biology. Biomarkers are capable of bridging the distance...
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