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Conference proceedings front matter may contain various advertisements, welcome messages, committee or program information, and other miscellaneous conference information. This may in some cases also include the cover art, table of contents, copyright statements, title-page or half title-pages, blank pages, venue maps or other general information relating to the conference that was part of the original...
This paper will review the propagation characteristics of radio frequency emissions in metal-clad medium voltage switchgear. The radio frequency emissions will be generated using various sources of partial discharge and measured using a prototype distributed antenna based partial discharge detection system. It will be shown that partial discharge sources of varying type and magnitude can be detected...
Artificial Lift systems are routinely employed in the petroleum industry in order to provide the energy needed for the fluid to be transferred from the reservoir to the surface. The ESP system is a method of artificial lift widely used in recovery, often applied in mature fields or fields with heavy oil (low API gravity), as well as high flow rate wells. The energy for ESP systems is supplied by a...
Every facility, regardless of size, has process loads which are considered critical. However, what does the term “critical” mean? A process engineer's ideas of a critical load may differ from those of an electrical engineer, an HSE engineer, or plant engineer. This paper defines critical loads and discusses a methodology to evaluate if a load should be considered critical. The methodology considers...
The precise analysis of radio noise or electromagnetic interference produced by defects in high voltage 50 Hz and 60 Hz generator systems has been used as a tool for improved condition based maintenance planning since 1980. Over 65 conditions, both electrical and mechanical can be identified with this test. Several types of data analysis are used to isolate and identify specific conditions. The technique...
According to NFPA 70E, arc flash incidents occur five to ten times each day. The occurrence of an arc flash is the most serious fault within a power system. The destructive impact of an arc flash event can lead to severe injuries to operating personnel, costly damage to the switchgear, and to long outages of the system. Active arc elimination systems can mitigate the above-named consequences. They...
Industrial UPS systems in floating offshore oil and gas platforms supply power to critical loads and require extremely high reliability and uptime. UPS configuration can have a major impact on reliability and uptime, and while there are several UPS topologies available on the market, space constraints can limit options. It is important to understand topology, and how the components that make up a...
This paper explains practical design principles to follow for networked protection and control systems. Proven cybersecurity best practices, system architectures, monitoring methods, and defense-in-depth techniques are described. The risks and proper mitigations are explained for many common problems, such as human error, malicious malware, and advanced nation-state zero-day attacks. The paper references...
The history of using the earth as an electrical conductor for man-made electricity for the past 270 years is detailed in this paper. In the beginning man-made electricity used the earth; the surface of the terrestrial ball we live on, as a conductor to return the continuous flowing electric current back to the source for 140 years. Edison realized that using the earth as an electrical conductor presented...
Neutral grounding of industrial power systems has always been a controversial topic. Historically, systems with an ungrounded neutral were dominant because of the service continuity with a ground fault on the system. This resulted in high system availability because there was no need to trip after the first ground fault inception. However, as industrial power systems became more complex, transient...
As technology continues to drive innovations, petroleum and chemical enterprises must continue to keep pace to remain competitive in an ever-changing marketplace. The technology trend is to replace systems of yesterday with higher-performance, low-cost, option-rich, networked systems that provide a shorter return on investment and offer more flexibility. As control system technology evolves, systems...
Recent advances in enabling technologies such as power electronics, electric hybrid systems, energy storage systems, energy management systems, variable frequency drives, and DC bus duct systems have allowed electrical system designers an opportunity to develop new electrical system designs with distributed DC systems that can be optimized in terms of fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, enhanced system...
The step in cost savings separating low (LV) and medium voltage (MV) drive application has steadily decreased over the last two decades. In addition to the more economical use of MV drives in certain applications, there are compelling technical advantages, and increased reliability is also often realized. This can equate to a decreased total cost of ownership and should be explored when applying drives...
All electrical work needs to be planned and executed so that there are zero injuries as well as being completed on time, on budget and with the criticality in that order. The Risk Assessment Process in CSA Z462-15 — Workplace electrical safety (and in NFPA 70E-15) is one of the most comprehensive and efficient ways to get this done. Residual risk is the unique quantity that needs to be the mandatory...
During the last 2 decades natural gas became a very important source of energy. Consequently liquefaction of such gas became a mandatory process to allow shipping from production fields to customers. Very large liquefaction plants have been built and much more will be built in the next 10 years. The power of such plants is continuously increasing, at the same time environmental restrictions become...
This paper debates the requirements of some current IEC standards' editions related to equipment and installations in hazardous locations. The main requirements recently introduced are shown, and some points of concern from installers are highlighted.
Efficiency improvements attainable with permanent magnet motors have been well documented. Some permanent magnet motors have been equipped with an induction cage in the rotor to allow direct on line starting. Designs of this type have been referred to as line start permanent magnet motors. A topic that has not received much attention is the use of this type of motor with an adjustable speed drive...
The markings for hazardous area equipment present a challenge to professionals dealing in the international engineering arena. The markings can be confusing, and with standards continually revised, can be a challenge to keep up-to-date. The introduction of equipment protection levels and ATEX categories have made markings even more challenging to those who are not familiar with the IEC requirements...
This document provides guidance on the application IEC 60079-10-1 Edition 2.0: Explosive Atmospheres — Part 10-1: Classification of areas — Explosive gas atmospheres. The IEC 60079-10-1 Ed. 2.0 document incorporates significant revisions from previous editions in both technical content and design approach to classifying hazardous locations where flammable gas or vapours may be present. The design...
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