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Many legacy low and medium-voltage unit substations installed today are based upon older designs that took advantage of reduced first cost “opportunities” allowed by existing installation codes and standards. Fast-forward to how these substation designs fair in safety and reliability today, particularly in industrial process applications found in cement, pulp and paper, petroleum & chemical and...
A test program was completed to measure arc flash incident energy from actual 480-V utility equipment to determine the most appropriate flame resistant clothing for utility workers. The equipment tested included self-contained and CT-rated meters, padmounted transformer secondary cubicles, power panels, and network protectors. Testing was performed to determine the sustainability of low voltage arcs...
Electrical safety starts with policy, continues with education, requires administrative vigilance, and becomes individual responsibility at all levels. Case studies in electrical injury will be presented herein as the basis for understanding concepts of design for electrical safety. Working on the assumption that all electrical injuries are preventable, they must also be foreseeable. Instances of...
The IEEE Electrical Safety Workshop (IEEE ESW) is a global forum that serves as a cross disciplinary venue for creative thinking about the boundaries that limit advances in electrical safety. In particular, significant work has addressed transformational approaches to electrical safety across economic sectors and occupational activities. This presentation surveys past performance, present challenge,...
This case study will describe a major 43 cal/cm2 arc flash fault at a 3,000 amp, 34.5 kV, Motor Operated Air Break (MOAB) Switch that destroyed the switch and the nearby 3,000 amp, 34.5 kV breaker. There were no injuries due to the procedures to operate the devices remotely from a nearby control house.
Recent research into arc flash test configurations suggests that some equipment may have the potential for greater arc flash incident energy than predicted by IEEE 1584 due to outward convective flows associated with electrode orientation and configuration. This research suggests that lower arcing currents could lead to longer clearing time of protective devices and higher incident energies. Additional...
Industrial electrical systems require proper installation, operation and maintenance of equipment for a facility to operate safely and efficiently. Of the many types of electrical installations, those in hazardous areas are likely the most difficult to deal with. Misunderstanding or misinterpretations can easily lead to unsafe conditions that put personnel and facilities at risk. This presentation...
Electrical equipment and materials are available, either listed or labeled, or unlisted and unlabeled. Can unlisted and unlabeled equipment and materials be used for fabrication and installations? This paper examines consensus standards and the Code of Federal Regulations 29 to answer this question. The author merges text from the consensus standards with the Code of Federal Regulations 29 and reviews...
This paper will provide an expanded field analysis of the effectiveness of arc flash PPE and worker injuries in real world arc flash incidents, and an update on the ASTM test methods used for determining the arc rating of arc flash PPE. New learnings and conclusions relating to the causes of arc flash injuries and PPE strategies that can be effective in reducing injuries will be discussed.
The results of electric shock and arc flash hazard/risk analysis are dependent on certain aspects of the electrical equipment to be maintained to assure designed and assumed performance. This includes the mechanical integrity of covers, doors and barriers, the mechanical and electrical integrity of bonding and grounding systems, as well as the functional performance of circuit protective devices and...
Arc flash personal protective equipment is generally selected based on one of two methods: an incident energy analysis method or a hazard/risk category method. Neither method adequately addresses the deployment of arc flash personal protective equipment using risk management principles and processes.
This paper presents the experiences of one construction contractor in the evolution of a sustainable electrical safety culture. The focus of the paper is on defining the values that drive safe decisions and actions. A culture change is not sustainable until the driving values are shared among members. Internal and external relationships are mentioned as they relate to both shared and differing values...
This paper and presentation will discus analytical techniques and new technology that allow switchgear CBs to use sensitive instantaneous settings and maintain selectivity when using traditional electronic trips in switchgear and current limiting molded case circuit breakers, motor circuit protectors or fuses in downstream equipment. New developments in trip technology that allow systems designed...
PPE in the electric arc has been evolving since the early 1990's. With the introduction of OSHA Safety and Health Standards in the US and arc test methods in ASTM International, the growth of knowledge in PPE and proliferation of PPE for electric arc has grown throughout the world. In 1995, NFPA 70E began addressing arc flash boundaries and NESC added safety requirements for electrical safety. Misunderstandings...
To discuss the differences between normal leadership and great leadership as it pertains to the development and implementation of a world class electrical safety program. The classic and latest thoughts from some of the world's foremost proponents of outstanding leadership principles will be used as the basis for this paper. These concepts will be used to describe how outstanding or great leadership...
This paper will explore the challenges faced when developing a corporate electrical safety program. This task would seem simple with currently available standards and reference materials. However the journey to a simple practical program that can be utilized directly by the worker is not necessarily obvious. The largest hurdle with respect to creation of such a program is risk management. It is possible...
Evidence suggests that conducting two or more tasks simultaneously (i.e., “multitasking”) leads to decreased attention overall and plays a contributing role to accidents and injuries. This paper examines the potential impact multitasking can have in a work environment influenced by electrical hazards. The paper will: (a) provide an example of an incident scenario in which multitasking could play a...
There is currently no publication by an accepted standards entity that effectively communicates “electrical safety by design” concepts. The National Fire Protection Association's, (NFPA 70 & NFPA 70E, American National Standards Institute's (ANSI C2), and similar standards by Nationally and Internationally recognized standards developing entities, place minimum requirements on electrical system...
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