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This chapter reviews the aerodynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). While the aerodynamics of wind turbine are relatively complicated in detail, the fundamental operational principle of a HAWT is that the action of the blowing wind produces aerodynamic forces on the turbine blades to rotate them, thereby capturing the kinetic energy contained in the wind and converting this...
With the present day’s energy crisis and growing environmental consciousness, the global perspective in energy conversion and consumption is shifting towards sustainable resources and technologies. This resulted in an appreciable increase in the renewable energy installations in different part of the world. For example, Wind power could register an annual growth rate over 25% for the past 7 years,...
Wind resource mapping is basically a meteorological time-series statistical analysis, to which the features of the landscape such as roughness, topography and local obstacles are integrated. The normal procedure is to use the WAsP program which is de facto standard for wind turbine siting]. The basic principle of the program is to solve the atmospheric flow equation using the logarithmic wind profile...
With the fast growth of wind energy worldwide, owners and operators of wind farms, transmission system operators, and energy traders need reliable forecasts of wind energy production covering some horizon into the future. The length of the horizon depends on the type of decisions which need to be taken on the basis of the forecast. Typically, focus has been on horizons from 12 to 36 h, at least when...
The analysis of wind turbine loads is an important discipline within wind turbine technology. Though it is performed widely by the wind turbine industry and wind turbine certification institutes, it also plays an important role in wind energy research. The objectives of such an analysis can be quite different, as for example exploration of system dynamics, verification of design loads and validation...
Wind energy has widely grown through the last two decades. Due to the significant increase of the number of wind turbines connected to the grid, new technologies aimed to assure power system quality and stability have become an important area for research and development. In particular, the design of advanced control techniques has recently emerged as a crucial issue for wind energy to penetrate into...
Offshore wind farms tend to become bigger and far from the onshore point of connection. The developers and the system operators are facing a number of technical, economical, and environmental challenges in transmitting the bulk power developed at these offshore wind farms over long distances. In this Chapter, some of these issues are discussed, giving emphasis to the basic system requirements along...
The recently released revision of the international safety standard for small wind turbines defines a small wind turbine as having a rotor swept area (equal to πR2 where R is the radius of the blade tip) of less than 200 m2. This corresponds to R < 8 m and a rated power below about 50 kW. The standard also makes a further division: “micro” turbines have a swept area less than 2 m2 and...
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