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Due to having a very high thermal conductivity, graphene is one of the best materials which can be used as heat spreader in nanoelectronic circuits. Efficiency of a graphene heat spreader is correlated to multilayer graphene with proper shape of the heat spreader. The aim of this paper is to find an optimum thickness of the graphene heat spreader with proper shape so that maximum temperature in the...
This paper presents a comparison between graphene and other common materials and evaluates the feasibility of the use of graphene as heat spreader material. In this paper we propose to develop a model and numerical procedure for the (i) comparison of graphene with other well-known heat conductors and (ii) simulate heat propagation to verify the effect of different architectures. The whole work is...
This paper presents a control process and the functioning of Back-to-Back Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in connecting asynchronous grids of high-voltage DC transmission system. CSMC-SPWM algorithm is used to generate gate pulses of the switching devices of back-to-back MMC for running, shifting the system from higher to any other lower level of operation and connecting of two different frequencies...
This paper presents a control process and the functioning of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in high-voltage DC transmission system. A new algorithm is proposed to generate gate pulses of the switching devices for running, shifting the system from higher to any other lower level or any other lower level to higher level of operation, which is based on Carrier and Signal (reference) Magnitude Control...
This paper presents the proposal of a hybrid cladding photonic crystal fiber offering flat dispersion and low confinement operating in the Telecom bands. Simulation results reveal that near zero ultra flattened dispersion of 0 ± 1.20 ps/(nm.km) is obtained in a 1.25 to 1.70 μm wavelength range i.e. 450 nm flat band along with low confinement losses which is less than 10−2 dB/km at operating wavelength...
In this paper we propose a defected core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) having circular lattice that ensures Residual Dispersion Slope (RDS) matched negative dispersion covering S+C+L communication bands with high birefringence for sensing purpose. The results show that this PCF has an average value of negative dispersion of −331 ps/nm-km & offers high birefringence of 2.75×10−2 with relative dispersion...
This paper presents microcontroller based schematic circuit design of a complete duobinary encoder (duobinary code from binary bit) and duobinary decoder (binary from duobinary code) for data communication system. Binary code having two levels of bit sequence 1 and 0. On the other side Duobinary (DB) is a three-level code having 1, 0 and -1 levels. Using duobinary transmission instead of binary transmission,...
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