Search results for: R. Bocian
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INTRODUCTION: A number of invasive and noninvasive brain‑stimulation techniques are used in clinical neurology. Stimulation of peripheral nerves may affect brain activity through a bottom-up mechanism, for instance, by stimulating cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. With specific regard to peripheral methods, studies using vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) have demonstrated that neurostimulation modalities...
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Neuromodulation is a therapeutic technique that involves modification of neural function via external stimulation, usually in the form of electrical impulses. Prominent examples of neuromodulative therapies include vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and even deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) has also been applied as a therapeutic...
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INTRODUCTION: Neuronal synchronization depends on many factors including HCN channel action. They are voltage-gated ion channels that mediate an inward cationic current dependent on hyperpolarization. There is sparse evidence for their contribution to neuronal plasticity, learning and memory, epilepsy, or Alzheimer’s disease. HCN channels can be found in the hippocampus (HPC) and are thought to be...
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Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) refers to any tech‑ nique that stimulates the vagal nerve, including man‑ ual or electrical stimulation. Approved by the FDA at the end of the 20th century, VNS was initially used as an add-on treatment for medically refractory epilep‑ sy. Today, VNS has also been studied as a treatment for mood and cognitive disorders, such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and...
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INTRODUCTION: Hippocampal (HPC) theta rhythm may be important for various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC theta (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological properties. Both types occur in conscious animals, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) theta is present under anaesthesia. The circuit of HPC...
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INTRODUCTION: Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is currently approved for treatment of both pharmacologically resistant seizures and severe refractory depression. In addition, VNS is used for treatment of Alzheimer disease, schizophrenia and central inflammation. Interestingly, VNS has also been demonstrated to enhance HPC-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) and improve memory in rats and humans. The...
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INTRODUCTION: Hippocampal formation (HPC) theta rhythm is one of the best examples of neural synchrony in the mammalian brain. It is well-known that the pathway of theta generation originates in the pons, from where it projects to the posterior hypothalamic nuclei, and finally through the medial septal area reaches the HPC. Recent evidence shows that well-synchronized theta rhythm can also successfully...
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hippocampal formation (HPC) theta rhythm is one of the best examples of neural synchrony in mammalian brain. HPC theta field potentials in rats consists of high-amplitude, almost sinusoidal waves in 3–13 Hz frequency range. It is wellknown that the pathway of theta generation originates in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO), then RPO projects to supramammillary nuclei...
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Theta rhythm is the best synchronized electroencephalographic activity that can be recorded in several brain regions, for example, in the cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation (HPC) that is considered to be the main structure involved in the generation of theta. Just recently Kowalczyk et al. (2014) have indicated that this pattern EEG could also be observed...
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Just recently we discovered a local theta rhythm in the posterior hypothalamic area (PHa) in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Theta rhythm which appeared in the PHa was produced independently of simultaneously occurring hippocampal formation theta. In the present study we analyse the correlation of local PHa cells discharges with carbachol induced theta field potentials. Specifically,...
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Numerous studies showed that occurrence of hippocampal theta rhythm is critically dependent on the integrity of a number structures localized at the level of brainstem and diencephalon. In detailed electrophysiological studies, conducted on anesthetized rats, we demonstrated that the posterior hypothalamic area (PHa), is not only a modulator of hippocampal formation theta but also could generate theta...
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Theta rhythm is one of the finest examples of synchrony in the mammalian brain. Hippocampal formation (HPC) theta is best described in rats and this EEG pattern consists of very regular, almost sinusoidal waves in the frequency range of 3–12 Hz. It is well-known that HPC theta rhythm is a result of the ascending brainstem-hippocampal synchronizing pathway activation, which originates in the pons and...
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Hippocampal formation (HPC) theta rhythm is the largest rhythmical waveform generated by the mammalian brain. Studies performed in rodents revealed that the ascending brainstem-hippocampal synchronizing pathway originates in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO), next RPO fibres ascend to posterior hypothalamic area (PHa) and then PHa neurons project to medial septum, known as a hippocampal...
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Orexins are mainly synthesized in lateral hypothalamus but orexinergic projections are present in many brain areas including cerebral cortex, thalamus, brain stem and the hippocampal formation (HPC). The study was designed to check wheather intrahippocampal injections of orexin A and blockers of orexin receptors exert effect on theta. The studies were performed on anasthetized rats. Initially spontaneous...
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There is a large body of research indicating that occurrence of hippocampal (HPC) theta dependent on the integrity of ascending pathway originating in the brainstem reticular formation. Anatomical studies indicate that reticular influences are relayed via the posterior hypothalamus, specifically the posterior hypothalamic (PH) and supramammillary (SuM) nuclei. In addition, neurons localized in these...
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Hippocampal formation (HPC) is a limbic structure that generates a synchronized EEG activity, termed the theta rhythm. The theta rhythm is a sinusoidal activity with a frequency band ranging from 3 to 12 Hz. Many years of research conducted with the use of the model of HPC slice preparations allowed to determine the specific role of the cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the production of this EEG...
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Current evidence strongly suggests that gap junctions (GJs) communication underlies the mechanisms of oscillation and synchrony in the central nervous system. In our previous work we have documented that GJs are highly involved in the generation of theta rhythm in both in vivo and in vitro hippocampal formation. Specifically, the blockage of gap junction by application of carbenoxolone (CBX) abolished...
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Theta rhythm is the largest, most prominent and best synchronized rhythmical waveform generated by the mammalian brain. Commonly, theta activity has been associated with hippocampal formation (HPC). Pharmacological and behavioral studies have shown that there were two distinct types of hippocampal theta activity in rodents. The first type (type 1) occurs during voluntary motor behavior and is atropineresistant...
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Theta rhythm is the best synchronized EEG activity recorded from the mammalian brain. In rodents this EEG pattern consists of high-voltage, almost sinusoidal oscillations in the range of 3–12 Hz. Hippocampal formation (HPC) is considered to be the main structure involved in the generation of this activity. Anatomical and electrophysiological studies have revealed that the ascending brainstem hippocampal...
